Thursday, August 25, 2011

Water Availability and Climate Change


Presently there are evidences in India indicating the real occurrence of impact from climate change scenario. Drought in Bihar , extreme daily rainfall in UP, Mumbai, and the Nilgris, and again floods in UP, Haryana and Delhi , danger level crossing of flood water in Yamuna river were some worth mentioning examples for such impact that were noticed during South west monsoon of 2010 in India.
All along in the past, it is observed that there was either delay in onset or early withdrawal of monsoon rainfall in India. But during 2010, there was overlapping between withdrawal of south west monsoon rainfall and onset of north east monsoon rainfall in India against the normal onset of north east monsoon rainfall by 20th October with ± one STD from the mean. Further the withdrawal of north east monsoon prolonged beyond January, 2011 during cold weather period and it gives speculation that something is happened in the atmosphere. Because of accumulation of green house gases in the atmosphere, the atmosphere is presently under confusion and this is universal, since there is no political boundary for atmosphere.
This type of confusion persists permanently aggressively; it would affect the annual water availability of India, which is presently 400 Mham. This will trigger the existing surface water conflict between different States of India still further.
The understanding drawn from the above statements reveal that every water molecule received from a single rain drop must be conserved for future use and also the available existing water molecules must be rationally used in order to keep the sustainability of food security, though there is no head and tail for hydrological cycle. I feel that the average per capita water availability in India will decline < 2000 CUm³ in the coming years.
Water is used in India for three purposes in a major way. viz., 85 per cent for agriculture and the remaining 15 per cent for domestic and industries requirements.
Population gets increased to 121 crores as per latest census(2011) and this would add pressure on drinking water requirement further and this additional quantity must be diverted from agriculture. Further existing and new industries may also require more water for their industrial increased production and also to treat their effluents to keep environment clean. This activity also would demand more water and this share also must come from agriculture. Both domestic and industrial water demand put together would be around 25 per cent (5 and20 percent respectively for domestic and industry). This will reduce water availability to agriculture to 60 per cent.

Under this context the water problem to agriculture must be well addressed in order to provide food security to every Indian citizen through the following strategies;
  • Water budgeting and crop planning must be carried out at village level by the community themselves with external support from extension side
  • Popularization of Systems of Rice Intensification(SRI) for irrigated rice
  • Encouraging aerobic rice, where SRI is not possible to execute
  • Establishing water bank at village level(enhancing water availability and efficient use of water)
  • All dry land areas must be brought under watershed development
  • Renovation water body structures at village level
  • On-farm testing of irrigation at critical stages of crop growth of food crops and recommendation based on the results obtained to the users
  • Popularization of best practices identified from community for the economic use of water for irrigation and extrapolation to akin areas.
  • River linking in different phases—Intra state, inter states, between south India, between North India, between west India, between east India and within in India

Mobile Phones

Mobile phones started life as the two way radio, which was also called mobile rigs. These were installed in vehicles such as minicabs, police cars and ambulances, but were not strictly mobile phones as they were not normally connected to the telephone network. While the very first mobile phones were installed permanently in vehicles, later versions such as the transportable, also called bag phones, could also be carried, and can be used as either portable or as mobile two-way radios.



The first generation mobile phones are often called 1G. These mobile phones are the analog devices that were introduced in the eighties & continued until being replaced by 2G mobile phones, which ran on digital networks. In fact, even though 1G & 2G systems use digital signals to connect the radio towers to the rest of the telephone network, the voice itself during a phone call encoded to digital signals in 2G while voices on 1G phones aren't.

Second generation, also called 2G, mobile telephones were introduced in the nineties. 2G phone systems were characterized by their use of digital transmission and the introduction of advanced and fast phone to network signaling.

The birth of 2G systems saw telephones move from friendly 1G telephones to little handheld items, which were much more portable. This change was possible through technological developments including more advanced batteries and energy saving electronics.

The second generation mobile telephones had several advantages over 1G item. These included text messaging, which became possible on GSM networks initially and eventually on all digital networks. The earliest machine-sent message was sent in 1991 in the UK. The earliest person to person sms text message was sent in 1993 in Finland. sms text messaging soon became the preferred method of communication and the public now prefer sending text messages to placing voice calls.

3G is the term applied to the third generation of mobile phone standards & technology. 3G follows 2G mobile phone technology.

The 3G technology allow network operators give their users a larger range of more advanced services. These include video calls& wireless internet.

Even though 3G was successfully introduced throughout the world, issues have been raised by both 3G providers & users, comprising of costly phones. In addition to this, there are numerous differences in the licensing terms.

Ever since the launch of 3G mobile phone technology, people have been talking about 4G. 4G technology will signify the future of mobile telephones, creating the most sophisticated handsets and best services yet. in actual fact, one of the next services to be developed is thought to be live streaming of radio and TV shows to 3G handsets is and shops including real and Disney recently announcing that they'll be offering services like these.

In conclusion, even though the history of mobile phones they have come a long way in the past few years, it also indicates that they'll go even further still.  more..